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Postmodernism and critical theory commonly criticize universalist ideas of objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, language, and social progress. Postmodernism relies on critical theory, which considers the effects of ideology, society, and history on culture. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction and post-structuralism. Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to self-referentiality, epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, and irreverence. Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or socially-conditioned, describing them as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies. Postmodernism rejects the possibility of unmediated reality or objectively-rational knowledge, asserting that all interpretations are contingent on the perspective from which they are made claims to objective fact are dismissed as naive realism. It considers "reality" to be a mental construct. Postmodernists are "skeptical of explanations which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races, and instead focuses on the relative truths of each person". Postmodernism is associated with relativism and a focus on ideology in the maintenance of economic and political power. Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse which challenges worldviews associated with Enlightenment rationality dating back to the 17th century. 7.1 Criticism by "postmodernists" themselves.4.1 Structuralism and post-structuralism.Various authors have criticized postmodernism as promoting obscurantism, as abandoning Enlightenment rationalism and scientific rigor, and as adding nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. Postmodernism is associated with the disciplines deconstruction and post-structuralism. Initially emerging from a mode of literary criticism, postmodernism developed in the mid-twentieth century as a rejection of modernism and has been observed across many disciplines.

Thus, the postmodern outlook is characterized by self-referentiality, epistemological relativism, moral relativism, pluralism, irony, irreverence, and eclecticism it rejects the "universal validity" of binary oppositions, stable identity, hierarchy, and categorization. Claims to objective fact are dismissed as naive realism, with attention drawn to the conditional nature of knowledge claims within particular historical, political, and cultural discourses. Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse defined by an attitude of skepticism toward what it characterizes as the " grand narratives" of modernism, opposition to notions of epistemic certainty or the stability of meaning, and emphasis on the role of ideology in maintaining systems of socio-political power.

Hermeneutics of suspicion and Masters of suspicion.For other uses, see Postmodernism (disambiguation). For the condition or state of being, see Postmodernity. For the architectural style, see Postmodern architecture.